Kulm law

It was initiated on 28 December 1233 in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights by Grand Master Hermann von Salza and Hermann Balk when the towns of Toruń (Thorn) and Chełmno (Kulm) received German town law, in particular as a modification of Magdeburg rights.

The renewed charter of 1 October 1251 was based on a copy in Toruń, but the rights were reduced.

[1] This type of law was mostly granted by the Teutonic Order to cities within their monastic state, and by the neighboring Duchy of Masovia, but also elsewhere in Poland and Lithuania.

The largest are Polish capital Warsaw, major cities on the Vistula River Płock, Toruń and Grudziądz, major port cities of Gdańsk, Kaliningrad and Klaipėda, plus Olsztyn.

The historic centers of Toruń and Warsaw are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites,[5][6] with the historic centers of Chełmno,[7] Gdańsk[8] and Tykocin,[9] and major landmarks of Czerwińsk nad Wisłą,[10] Grudziądz,[11] Kwidzyn,[12] Lidzbark Warmiński,[13] Malbork,[14] Olsztyn,[15] Płock[16] and Pułtusk[17] additionally listed as Historic Monuments of Poland.