[4] The term cyber attack covers a wide variety of actions ranging from simple probes, to defacing websites, to denial of service, to espionage and destruction.

[8] The National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD) was formed in 2007 as a component of the United States Department of Homeland Security.

[9] NPPD's goal was to advance the Department's national security mission by reducing and eliminating threats to U.S. critical physical and cyber infrastructure.

"[16] In 2020, CISA created a website, titled Rumor Control, to rebut disinformation associated with the 2020 United States presidential election.

[23] Easterly's nomination had been reported favorably out of Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on June 16, but a floor vote had been reportedly held (delayed) by Senator Rick Scott over broader national security concerns, until the President or Vice President had visited the southern border with Mexico.

[24] Easterly hired new staff to monitor online disinformation to enhance what she called the nation's "cognitive infrastructure" and utilized the existing rumor control website during the 2021 elections.

[29][30] CISA issues "binding operational directives" that require federal government agencies to take action against specific cybersecurity risks.