These cysts are filled with fluid and if they grow excessively, changing the shape of them and making them larger, leading to kidney damage.

[3] Mutations in genes PKD1 and PKD2 are responsible for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which is typically diagnosed in adulthood.

In the United States, more than half a million people have PKD, making it the fourth leading cause of kidney failure.

Mutation in the HDK1 gene is currently thought to be responsible for autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), which can be diagnosed in the womb, shortly after birth,[3] and usually before 15 years of age.

Abnormalities which affect both kidneys can have an effect on the baby's amniotic fluid volume, which can in turn lead to problems with lung development.

Options include pain medication (except ibuprofen and other ‘non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID’s)’ which may worsen kidney function), low protein and sodium diet, diuretics, antibiotics to treat urinary tract infection, or interventions to drain cysts.

[citation needed] By late 70s, 50-75% of patients with CKD require renal replacement therapy, either dialysis or kidney transplant.

The number and size of cysts and kidney volume are predictors for the progression of CKD and end-stage renal disease.

Some factors that can affect life expectancy are mutated gene type, gender, the age of onset, high blood pressure, proteinuria, hematuria, UTI, hormones, pregnancies, and size of cysts.