Both nations are full members of the European Union, NATO, OECD, OSCE, Council of Europe, World Trade Organization and United Nations.

Relations date back to the Middle Ages, and in 1272, Bohemian (Czech) rule also reached north-eastern Italy, after King Ottokar II of Bohemia acquired the region of Friuli and became de facto administrator of the Patriarchate of Aquileia.

[1] The Kingdom of Bohemia and Papal States were part of a coalition of several European countries in the Crusade of Varna of 1443–1444, which goal was to repel the Ottoman invasion of Europe and liberate the already conquered nations of Southeast Europe.

Following Austria's conquests and annexations, both Bohemia and parts of Italy belonged to the Austrian Empire (from 1867 Austria-Hungary) until the end of World War I in 1918.

During World War II, Italians were among Allied prisoners of war held by the German occupiers in the Stalag IV-C and Stalag 359 prisoner-of-war camps, and in several subcamps of the Flossenbürg concentration camp in present-day Czechia.