Denmark-Norway, assisted by England, defeated the Dutch in various places, although Michiel de Ruyter retaliated against the English by recapturing all forts but Cape Coast.

[5] The Danes stalled and prolonged the fulfillment of some of the provisions of the Treaty signed at Roskilde, and Charles could thus use this as an excuse for planning to vanquish Denmark-Norway as a sovereign state.

[6][2][1] When two Danish vessels in late 1659 showed up off the coast of Ghana, they were received with the news that the Danes no longer controlled Cape Corso.

The following year, 1660, the English established the Royal African Company[10][11] with the goal of competing against the Dutch control of the Atlantic slave trade.

[10] The Dutch feared that the English might cease control of the weaker Danish outposts and thereby participate in the lucrative slave trade.

[2][8] In December 1662, a Dutch force led by Commander Valkenburgh attacked a new Danish lodge at Bagos, near the Sierra Leone River.

[2][1][9] Additionally, they bombarded Fredriksberg (which only lay a cannon shot away from cape corso) by the sea for several days and initiated a siege of the fort.

[12] In retaliation for the bombardment of Cape Corso, the Dutch admiral, Michiel de Ruyter tried to recapture the lost possessions by 13 men-of-war.

[6] This confrontation escalated to the Second Anglo-Dutch War[10] and as a result of a delay in receiving orders, the Norwegian commanders sided with the Dutch at Vågen,[13] despite a secret agreement by Frederick III and Charles II.