After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, ending World War II, Sukarno proclaimed the independence of Indonesia on 17 August 1945, and became the nation's first president.

One of the militias—the Siliwangi Division of the Indonesian Army, based in West Java—was led by Kartosuwirjo, who had initially supported the Japanese during their three years of occupation.

However, the Netherlands broke the agreement by launching Operation Product and invading Indonesian territory, and Kartosuwirjo called for a holy war against the Dutch.

[citation needed] The revolution ended on 27 December 1949, after the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, in which the Dutch officially recognised the Republic of Indonesia.

Kartosuwirjo also forged an alliance with Raymond Westerling, a former officer in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army who was leading a rebellion, known as the Legion of the Just Ruler (APRA), against the Indonesian government.

On 9 March 1960, a Mig-17 of the Indonesian Air Force, flown by flight lieutenant Daniel "Tiger" Maukar, attempted to assassinate Sukarno by firing a 23×115mm round on Merdeka Palace.

Maukar flew his plane to Garut, where he was going to be picked up by another Darul Islam member, but the army captured him before he could escape.

However the KKO decided to launched second operations called "Operation Gunung Gede" on Mount Gede, in order by Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy,the composite of this forces was only 2 platoons led by Captain Boy Abidin,Lieutenant Pratowo Soedibyo, and Lieutenant Soegito.

On 21 March they reached on Mount Gede but the heat was cold and make the forces resting on the slope of mountains.

Along with some former Darul Islam members, they formed the Komando Jihad, which evolved into the present-day terrorist group Jemaah Islamiyah.

Di Tiro waged war against the Indonesian government for 38 years before finally signing a peace treaty in Helsinki in August 2005.