Other quantities also oscillate, such as the electrical resistivity (Shubnikov–de Haas effect), specific heat, and sound attenuation and speed.
[1][2][3] It is named after Wander Johannes de Haas and his student Pieter M. van Alphen.
[7][8][9] The modern formulation allows the experimental determination of the Fermi surface of a metal from measurements performed with different orientations of the magnetic field around the sample.
de Haas and P.M. van Alphen under careful study of the magnetization of a single crystal of bismuth.
[10] The theoretical prediction of the phenomenon was formulated before the experiment, in the same year, by Lev Landau,[11] but he discarded it as he thought that the magnetic fields necessary for its demonstration could not yet be created in a laboratory.
[12][13][10] The effect was described mathematically using Landau quantization of the electron energies in an applied magnetic field.
A strong homogeneous magnetic field — typically several teslas — and a low temperature are required to cause a material to exhibit the DHVA effect.
[14] Later in life, in private discussion, David Shoenberg asked Landau why he thought that an experimental demonstration was not possible.
He answered by saying that Pyotr Kapitsa, Shoenberg's advisor, had convinced him that such homogeneity in the field was impractical.
[10] After the 1950s, the DHVA effect gained wider relevance after Lars Onsager (1952),[15] and independently, Ilya Lifshitz and Arnold Kosevich (1954),[16][17] pointed out that the phenomenon could be used to image the Fermi surface of a metal.
Lifshitz and Pogorelov also found a relation between the temperature dependence of the oscillations and the cyclotron mass of an electron.
[7] By the 1970s the Fermi surface of most metallic elements had been reconstructed using De Haas–Van Alphen and Shubnikov–de Haas effects.