Dead cotton

[2][3] Daniel Koechlin (1785–1871), who was a manufacturer and a chemist in Mulhouse, established the fact in 1848 that it is dead cotton fibers that resist dye.

Other chemists such as Walter Crum, Albin Haller, and Herzog explored and contributed to the subject further.

In contrast, mature fibers have more cellulose and a greater degree of cell wall thickening.

[10][11] The dead fibers are difficult to spin; they lack twist and are brittle and weak.

[3] Dead fibers cause a poor surface appearance of the textile product, with increased nep grade and uneven dyeing.