Death march
Article 19 of the Geneva Convention requires that prisoners must be moved away from a danger zone such as an advancing front line, to a place that may be considered more secure.
Their entourage – almost all the ministers and generals of the Northern Song dynasty – suffered from illness, dehydration, and exhaustion, and many never made it.
[5] As part of Native American removal in the United States, approximately 6,000 Choctaw were forced to leave Mississippi and move to the newly forming Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma) in 1831.
[8] In 1838, the Cherokee nation was forced by order of President Andrew Jackson to march westward towards Indian Territory.
[citation needed] During the Long Walk of the Navajo in August 1863, all Konkow Maidu were to be sent to the Bidwell Ranch in Chico and then be taken to the Round Valley Reservation at Covelo in Mendocino County.
[13] During the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877), 700,000 to 800,000 Hui Muslims from Shaanxi were deported to Gansu, in a process in which most were killed along the way from thirst, starvation, and massacres by the militia escorting them, with only a few thousand surviving.
As a result, much of the Armenian population was exiled from large parts of Western Armenia and forced to march to the Syrian desert.
In July 1915, without prior warning, 150,000 German settlers from Volhynia were arrested and shipped to internal exile in Siberia and Central Asia.
While precise figures remain elusive, estimates suggest that the mortality rate associated with these deportations ranged from 30% to 50%, translating to a death toll between 63,000 and 100,000 individuals.
[17] During World War II, death marches of POWs occurred in both German-occupied Europe and the Japanese colonial empire.
One infamous death march occurred in January 1945, as the Soviet Red Army advanced on German-occupied Poland.
[citation needed] On the Eastern Front, death marches were amongst the forms of German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war.
The Bleiburg repatriations also occurred in May 1945 (during the last days of World War II and after), a total of 280,000 Croats,[22] were involved in the Independent State of Croatia evacuation to Austria.
Mostly Ustaše and the Croatian Home Guard, but also civilians and refugees, tried to flee the Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army, and marched northwards through Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia to Allied-occupied Austria.
Lieutenant-General Masaharu Homma was charged with failure to control his troops in 1945 in connection with the Bataan Death March.
[24][25] Both the Bataan and Sandakan death marches were judged by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to be war crimes.
[28][29][30][31] During the 1948 Palestine war, 50,000-70,000 Palestinians were expelled from the cities of Lydda (also spelled Lod) and Ramla by the Israeli military.
Occurring as a part of the broader 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight and the Nakba, the operation is widely considered to have been an instance of ethnic cleansing.
On 31 October 1950, some 845 prisoners, including about eighty non-combatants, left Manpo and went upriver, arriving in Chunggang on 8 November 1950.
[49] The Khmer Rouge marked the beginning of their rule with the forced evacuation of various cities including Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
