Those mentions apparently referred to different persons in separate government regions; and one of them was an individual assigned to the food rationing of the horses.

[2] Friedrich von Spiegel believes that Dahayuku means "resident and headman of the village" and is in fact the older form of the word dehghan "farmer".

Also following Spiegel's theory, Ferdinand Justi believes that Deioces' name is his title and a shortened form of dahyaupati in Old Persian and danhupaiti in Avestan having acquired the suffix -ka.

Also, it is assumed that the Median king whom Herodotus's reports are about is the same Deioces, Phraortes' father; thus, it is not possible to clarify the exact date of the period of his rule; but it can be said that it probably covered most of the first half of the 7th century BC.

He allied with the king of Urartu against the Mannaen ruler but was captured by Sargon II, who exiled him and his family to Syria in 715 BC, where he apparently died.

[14] The Medes were living in small villages with independent rulers, when a certain Deioces embarked on an elaborate scheme to make himself king.

[15] In the anarchistic era of the Medes, Deioces tried to enforce justice in his own village and gained a credit and reputation as a neutral judge.

The city which Deioces chose for it was called Hagmatāna in Old Persian and Ecbatana in Greek language, believed to be Hamadan today.

In the late 8th century BC, he had a fortified castle constructed on a hill in the city to run all the military, government and treasury affairs within.

[16][22] However, this narrative of Herodotus's is not corroborated by what is written in Assyrian sources, which imply the existence of various masters in the Medes until years after Deioces,[23] and the foundation of an independent royal body and constructing several large royal complexes was not something that the Assyrians could easily remain silent against; thus these words from Herodotus seem exaggerative, or depict an adapted and modified picture of the periods after Deioces' reign.

[24] Some historians, including Henry Rawlinson, believe that the Ecbatana mentioned in Herodotus's writings is not the current Hamadan; and the olden Median capital should be searched in Takht-e Soleymān and in the vicinity of Lake Urmia to the south east.

believe Deioces to be the Hushang in Shahnameh due to the features Herodotus states for him and consider the title Paradat or Pishdadian equal to "the first legislator".