[1] As envisaged by the nation's founding father, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan is a nation-state, constitutionally a democratic parliamentary republic.
[2] The national cabinet, led by the Prime Minister of Pakistan has executive power and the president is the head of state elected by the electoral college.
[5] The Indus Valley civilization, present in the areas which is now modern day Pakistan and India were one of the earliest and largest ancient human civilizations alongside Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley, Anatolia and ancient China, known for its highly developed, sophisticated and urbanized culture.
Historians and social scientists studying the civilization's social structure observe that the Indus Valley had an organised planning system, including standard architecture, civic controls, consistent grid layouts and uniformed sanitary facilities.
[6] In the wake of intensifying political instability, the civilian bureaucracy and military assumed governing power in 1958.