Many indigenous groups make their home in what remains of the rainforest, especially south of the unpaved highway between San Juan Nepomuceno and Tavaí.

Mby'a and Guayaki people, who practice farming corn, cassava and yerba mate under the canopy of the forest live in small bands and travel mainly by foot.

They are technically protected and their land is a national reserve, but illegal loggers, ranchers, and more recently, Brazilian soybean growers have encroached upon their territory.

The department is divided in 11 districts: Its history is linked to the first franciscan religious missionaries in Paraguay, who founded several mission-towns (reducciones), where they accomplished to exempt the natives of 10 years of patronage.

In 1786, the Mission San Juan Nepomuceno was founded, which helped, along with other localities, to work and exploit the land.

Other famous people from Caazapá are: Located south-east in the Oriental Región of Paraguay, between parallels 25° 30' and 26° 45' of latitude South, and between the meridians 55° 15' and 56° 45' of longitude West.

To the North, it limits with the Guairá and Caaguazú departments To the South with Itapúa, To the East with Alto Paraná and To the West with Misiones and Paraguarí.

The Caazapá Cordillera, Monte Rosario and San Rafael chain of mountains cross throughout the department from East to West, with some hills of medium high such as Mbatovi, Ñú Cañy, Pacurí and Morotí.

This cordillera separates the land in two different regions, to the north-east, there are meadows, lagoons, swamps and fields for agriculture; to the south-east there are hills and forests.

The wooded landscape has suffered the consequences of being used for breeding cattle and the abused of technology that affects the soil, being both situations a problem for the natural environment in this area.

The railway Carlos Antonio López used to cross the department from North to South, 96 kilometers of extension, and included the road San Salvador – Abaí.

Caazapá also has several television and radio stations, such as Hechizo SRL, in AM and Yeruti Comunicaciones, Itacurú SRL, La Voz de Bolaños, Caazapá Poty, Tupa Renda, La Victoria SA, Aguaí Poty and 94.3 in FM.