Deroceras invadens

Deroceras invadens is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae.

Until 2011, this widely distributed species was known as Deroceras panormitanum, and earlier as Deroceras caruanae or Agriolimax caruanae, but Reise et al. (2011)[2] showed that these names refer to a distinct species of similar external appearance known at that time only from Sicily and Malta.

Close inspection reveals fine dark spotting usually over the whole body; this shows up better in alcohol-preserved specimens.

[3][4] The tail of D. invadens usually slants vertically upward from the sole for a short distance, or even bends backwards.

[11] The list below gives dates of the first reported findings (outdoors unless stated); oceanic Islands are considered separately at the end.

[8] Africa Asia and Australasia North America: Central and South America Oceanic Islands Deroceras invadens typically occurs in disturbed sites (e.g. the most widespread slug species in Manchester gardens[54]) and is often easiest to find under rubbish.

[55] However, this species has also spread to natural habitats such as woodland and grassland (e.g. in Britain, Tenerife, South Africa and Australia).

[53][56] Its distribution appears restricted by low winter temperatures, which could explain its slow and only partial colonisation of central Europe and its recent range expansion in Sweden following climate amelioration.

Typically after some minutes the leader turns back and protrudes its sarcobelum (a tapering finger-like part of the penis), as does its partner shortly afterwards.

The finger-like penial caecum curves round the back of the partner's sarcobelum, transferring sperm onto it.

[59] Deroceras invadens exhibited the highest crawling speed (4.9 millimetres (0.19 in)/s) amongst measurements from 28 species of terrestrial slug and snail.

[63] Deroceras invadens usually avoids areas treated with its parasite Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, a nematode which is used commercially to control slugs.

D. invadens preserved in ethanol. Scale = 3 mm
Penis, twisted to reveal the ventral side
Distribution of Deroceras invadens . Based on Figure 4 of Hutchinson et al. 2014, [ 8 ] with subsequent published records from Israel and Montenegro added. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The circled i's indicate countries from which exported goods were found to contain this species. Otherwise each symbol indicates presence on a 1-degree grid of latitude and longitude
A 5-minute video showing the copulation of Deroceras invadens from the type locality. The penial caecae of both partners evert after 31 s. The penial lobe of one partner everts (partially hidden) after 75 s, and the "tentacles" of its penial gland evert after 140 s. These events occur later with the other partner, after 156 s and 196 s. [ 2 ]