Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation

Unlike Gran Colombia, which was created in 1819 and disappeared in 1831, the dissolution of the Confederation was marked by a certain tranquility and tolerance for a certain period of one year when Agustín Gamarra himself began his military campaign in Bolivian territory, resulting in his death and the signing of the Treaty of Puno,[3][4] which put a halt to all ideas of union, annexation, confederation or federation between the two countries until the idea briefly raised again in face of a string of Peruvian and Bolivian defeats against Chile during the War of the Pacific (1879–1884).

[5] After the creation of the Confederation by Andrés de Santa Cruz, protests began by opposition and nationalist sides of both nations, causing massive deportations to Europe or other countries in the Americas, several of them as political refugees.

We cannot look without concern and the greatest alarm, the existence of two peoples, and that, in the long run, due to the community of origin, language, habits, religion, ideas, customs, will form, as is natural, a single nucleus.

United, these two States, even if only momentarily, will always be more than Chile in all order of issues and circumstances [...] The confederation must disappear forever from the American scene due to its geographical extension; for its larger white population; for the joint riches of Peru and Bolivia, scarcely exploited now; for the dominance that the new organization would try to exercise in the Pacific by taking it away from us; by the greater number of enlightened white people, closely linked to the families of Spanish influence that are in Lima; for the greater intelligence of its public men, although of less character than the Chileans; For all these reasons, the Confederation would drown Chile before very long [...] The naval forces must operate before the military, delivering decisive blows.

[13] Santa Cruz, through his cunning, managed to maintain the rebel state as an autonomous republic by turning it against the restorative allies, causing the imminent invasion of northern Peru.

The restorers advanced on Lima and despite the opposition of Nieto (who rightly feared the numerical superiority of the enemy) the Battle of Portada de Guías took place on August 21, 1838 in which the Orbegosistas were defeated.