District cooling
[2] In sept 2004, Enwave Energy Corporation, a district energy company based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, started operating a system that uses water from Lake Ontario to cool downtown buildings, including office towers, the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, a small brewery and a telecommunications centre.
The Toronto drinking water supply required a new intake location that would be further from shore and deeper in the lake.
The cooperation of the district cooling agency, Enwave, solved both problems: Enwave paid for the cost of moving the water intake and also supplied the heat to warm the drinking water supply to acceptable levels by effectively extracting the heat from the buildings it served.
Enertherm, located at La Défense, has the largest ice stock in Europe, with a capacity of 240 MWh.
In Germany, amongst other projects, Munich established a rapidly growing system in 2011 with its core below the Karlsplatz (Stachus), drawing water from the underground Stadtgrabenbach.
[8][9] In 2011, the estimated total thermal power output of all district cooling systems in Germany was 160 Megawatt distributed over 90 km.
[16] The Lusail City district cooling system will supply chilled water to end users through an integrated network with a connected cooling of 500,000 Tons of Refrigeration by utilizing multiple chiller plants which are Marina, Wadi, West and North.
[17] A second district cooling plant was commissioned in May 2010,[17] which will supply chilled water for the air-conditioning of buildings in the area through pipes housed within the Common Services Tunnel in Marina Bay.
Centralized chillers installed on the rooftops of some HDB flats pipe chilled water directly to individual units for use in air-conditioners.
[20] Working since 1985, the system of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne combines, depending on the needs, cooling and heat extraction.
[23][24][25][26][27] Tabreed, headquartered in the UAE capital of Abu Dhabi, currently delivers more than 1.2 million refrigeration tons of cooling, from its portfolio of 86 plants located throughout the region.
The company, founded in 1998, provides sustainable cooling to iconic infrastructure projects such as the Burj Khalifa, Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Louvre Abu Dhabi, Cleveland Clinic, Ferrari World, The Dubai Mall, Yas Mall, Aldar HQ, Etihad Towers, Marina Mall, World Trade Center in Abu Dhabi, Dubai Metro, Bahrain Financial Harbor, and the Jabal Omar Development in the Holy City of Mecca, alongside many more hotels, hospitals, residential and commercial towers.
[citation needed] In January 2006, PAL technology is one of the emerging project management companies in UAE involved in the diversified business of desalination, sewage treatment and district cooling system.
The Dubai Metro system, inaugurated in 2009, is the first mass transit network in the world to use district cooling to lower temperatures in stations.
In an underground storage the winter cold is heat exchanged from the air and loaded into the bedrock or an aquifer by one or more bore holes.
With its high energy efficiency, the implementation of DCS at Kai Tak Development (KTD) will achieve estimated annual saving of 85 million kilowatt-hour (kWh) in electricity consumption, with a corresponding reduction of 59,500 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions annually.
