Where an out-of-competition sample tests positive for a banned substance, any performances by the athlete after that date may also be annulled.
Samples are stored for future retesting, as improved methods over time may lead to previously unidentified cases of doping.
World champions to be banned include North American sprinters Ben Johnson, Marion Jones, Tim Montgomery and Kelli White.
Other prominent champions to have been banned include Russian middle-distance runner Mariya Savinova, steeplechaser Yuliya Zaripova and racewalker Olga Kaniskina.
[4] There has been an upward trend in the number of doping violations at the championships, with a peak of 50 athletes having had their performances annulled at the 2011 event, though it is assumed that this reflects improved detection rather than increased overall doping – an anonymous survey at that championships revealed over 30% of athletes had used banned substances during their career.