[11] In the Chinese view, these trends towards anti-globalization, populism, and protectionism in Western countries means that China should expand its domestic markets and economic self-reliance.
"[7] Dual circulation was made part of the fourteenth five-year plan for 2021 to 2025, which was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee of the CCP in October 2020.
[12] In an effort to facilitate the strategy by closing technology gaps, China spent 2.5% of its GDP on research and development during the thirteenth five-year plan of 2016–2020.
Analyst Wang Wen [zh] of the Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies speculated that it would include government support for the service and energy sectors.
[1] According to Chris Buckley of The New York Times, dual circulation appears to some as a "glossy reboot" of past efforts and "Chinese leaders have promised since at least 2006 to make domestic consumer spending a bigger share of economic activity, reducing reliance on exports and infrastructure building — with mixed success.
[1] Analysts said that the strategy would involve supporting domestic businesses and reducing China's dependence on imports, including for energy, microchips, and other technology.
[20]: 47 "Spare wheels" can include a variety of policy measures, such as providing support to China's high-tech national champions or long-term efforts to encourage the development of domestic engineering talent.
"[7] Economist Yao Yang described the policy as a response to worsening China–United States relations, saying that "China needs to prepare for the worst-case scenario".