[3] Moodie distinguishes between single-sector institutions which offer 97 per cent of their teaching in one sector, mixed sector institutions which teach from 3 to 20 per cent of their students in their smaller sector, and dual-sector institutions which have substantial (greater than 20 per cent of their load) in each of vocational and higher education.
[6] In Australia, these institutions note markedly different proportions of domestic students to bachelor programmes on the basis of previous studies in vocational education and training.
[7] Dual-sector education is offered by colleges and universities worldwide, most prominently in Australia,[8] Austria, Germany,[2] Ireland, New Zealand,[8] Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
[9] In the United States, the concept of dual-sector education is unheard of and unknown, especially at the higher levels of tertiary education (i.e., four-year universities awarding bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctorates).
Many two-year community colleges offer vocational education programs leading to certificates or associate's degrees, but the traditional American position is that research universities and vocational education are inherently incompatible and cannot function as part of the same educational institution.