Born at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hanover, a palace later destroyed in World War II, she was the eldest surviving daughter[1] of John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his wife, Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate.

In France, Charlotte Felicitas and her sisters were given a Catholic education by her great-aunt Louise Hollandine at the convent of Maubuisson.

Charlotte Felicitas fled Modena for Bologna in 1702 along with the rest of the Modenese royal family in order to avoid French troops in Italy due to the War of the Spanish Succession.

Her third daughter, Enrichetta, went on to marry first in 1727 Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma and, after his death in 1731, Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1708-1764), Imperial Field Marshall, youngest surviving son of Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt and Princess Marie Ernestine of Croÿ (1673–1714).

Charlotte Felicitas died at the Ducal Palace of Modena after giving birth to a daughter in September 1710.