It also included almost all of modern Netherlands (the region of Frisia was loosely associated with the duchy but the duke exercised no de facto control over the territory).

From that time on Lotharingia (or Lorraine) remained a German stem duchy, the border with France did not change throughout the Middle Ages.

Both duchies formed the western part of the Holy Roman Empire established by Bruno's elder brother Emperor Otto I in 962.

Both Lotharingian duchies took very separate paths thereafter: Upon the death of Godfrey's son Duke Richar, Lower Lotharingia was directly ruled by the emperor, until in 977 Otto II enfeoffed Charles, the exiled younger brother of King Lothair of France.

The most important ones of these were: The following successor states remained under the authority of the titular dukes of Lower Lotharingia (Lothier):