Duḥkha (/ˈduːkə/; Sanskrit: दुःख, Pali: dukkha) "suffering", "pain", "unease", or "unsatisfactoriness", is an important concept in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism.
"[9][10][11][12] Duḥkha (Sanskrit: दुःख; Pali: dukkha) is a term found in the Upanishads and Buddhist texts, meaning anything that is "uneasy, uncomfortable, unpleasant, difficult, causing pain or sadness".
[13][14] It is also a concept in Indian religions about the nature of transient phenomena which are innately "unpleasant", "suffering", "pain", "sorrow", "distress", "grief" or "misery.
[7]Joseph Goldstein, American vipassana teacher and writer, explains the etymology as follows: The word dukkha is made up of the prefix du- and the root kha.
[8]However, according to Monier Monier-Williams, the actual roots of the Pali term dukkha appear to be Sanskrit दुस्- (dus-, "bad") + स्था (sthā, "to stand").
Significantly, Monier-Williams himself doubts the usual explanation of duḥkha and presents an alternative one immediately after it, namely: duḥ-stha "'standing badly,' unsteady, disquieted (lit.
Within the Buddhist sutras, duḥkha has a broad meaning, and has also been specified in three categories:[28] Chinese Buddhist tradition has been influenced by Taoism and Confucian theory that advocates that duhkha (古:十Ten directions, 口 hole or opening) is associated to the theory of seven emotions of endogenous disease through the formation of the spirit of the po a term that relates to the Western psychological notion of ego or the theological reference to the human soul.
This theory is expounded in the application of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment and prevention of pain and suffering from illness, disease and ignorance.
In Hinduism, duḥkha encompasses many meanings such as the phenomenological senses of pain and grief, a deep-seated dissatisfaction with the limitations of worldly existence, and the devastation of impermanence.
[note 10] In these scriptures of Hinduism, the Sanskrit word duḥkha (दुःख) appears in the sense of "suffering, sorrow, distress", and in the context of a spiritual pursuit and liberation through the knowledge of Atman ('essence').
[45][note 13] vīta-rāga-bhaya-krodhaḥ sthita-dhīr munir uchyate nāpnuvanti mahātmānaḥ saṁsiddhiṁ paramāṁ gatāḥ Duḥkha is explained in the Tattvartha Sutra, an authoritative Jain scripture from the 2nd century.
samyagdarśanaśuddhaṃ yo jñānaṃ viratim eva cāpnotiduḥkhanimittam apīdaṃ tena sulabdhaṃ bhavati janma [For] him who obtains knowledge, which is pure through right worldview, and indeed non-passion,for him there is good birth,even though this is the cause of pain.