[1] The company was established 1888 as the "Nippon Oil" (日本石油, Nihon Sekiyu), or "Nisseki" (日石) for short.

The company has worldwide locations including ENEOS USA Inc. in Schaumburg, Illinois, Torrance, California, and Nippon Oil Lubricants (America), LLC, in Childersburg, Alabama.

ENEOS employs over 5,500 people, with additional employees from oversea divisions, and operates the following refineries throughout Japan: Nippon Oil Exploration owns a 5% share of Syncrude, a Canadian oil sands mining company, through its fully owned subsidiary Mocal Energy.

Superior quality lubricants under the brand name ENEOS are manufactured and marketed in India by Tide Water Oil Co.[3] On 11 March 2011, a 145,000-barrel-per-day refinery in Sendai was set ablaze by the Tōhoku earthquake.

[4] Workers were evacuated,[5] but tsunami warnings hindered efforts to extinguish the fire until 14 March, when officials planned to do so.

Since 2014, the Eneos brand has been featured on Kyle Larson's #42 Chevrolet Camaro in the NASCAR Xfinity Series in select races.

They also sponsor Akinori Ogata in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series when he drives the 63 for MB Motorsports.

ENEOS is currently a sponsor of Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP team as a fuel and lubricants supplier since 2012 season and also supplying fuel and lubricants for Pata Yamaha with Brixx WorldSBK World Superbike team since 2016 season.