[4] Early in the occupation, the French established mass political and social reforms in Egypt, such as the founding of a new governing body called the Diwan, and reconstructing many of the large cities.

[8] Although accounts of the exact circumstances under which it was found differ, it is generally accepted that French soldiers discovered it by accident while building a fort in the Nile Delta.

In an agreement in 1890 Great Britain was recognized in Bahr-el-Ghazal and Darfur, while Wadai, Bagirmi, Kanem, and the territory to the north and east of Lake Chad were assigned to France.

[14] The Suez Canal, initially built by the French, became a joint British-French project in 1875, as both saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia.

[15] In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt (see Urabi Revolt) prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France.

France's expansionist Prime Minister Jules Ferry was out of office, and the government was unwilling to send more than an intimidating fleet to the region.

[16] Egypt was nominally owned by the Ottoman Empire, but in practice the British made all the decisions and counted it as a major asset regarding control of the route to India, as well as the Sudan and Eastern Africa.

[17] One brief but dangerous dispute occurred during the Fashoda Incident in 1898 when a small body of French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan.

Bell says: Fashoda worked to the advantage of both sides, because the French realized that in the long run they needed friendship with Britain in case of a war between France and Germany.

[24] The Committee for the Liberation of North Africa, an organisation funded by the League of Arab States, established its headquarters in Cairo.

[24] In 1947, Moroccan and Algerian nationalists established the Arab Maghrib Bureau in Cairo, with the intent of creating anti-French propaganda.

During the war, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser was a strong vocal supporter of the resistance movement and provided military aid to the National Liberation Front (FLN).

[27] Control of the canal was in British hands but in July 1956 it was nationalised by the Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser.

[32] For example, the loss of former authoritarian allies, concerns that prices of oil would increase and a fear that an influx of illegal migrants would arrive in Europe from the Middle East.

[32] On January 25, 2011, a series of protests broke out in Cairo, demanding that President Hosni Mubarak leave office.

[36] Events were held throughout the year in both Egypt and France and consisted of operas, musical and dance performances, exhibitions of art and historical artefacts, as well as celebrations of French culinary.

The interim President Dr Taha Abdallah described the university as “a private scientific, cultural and professional establishment”.

[48] A €5.2 billion deal was signed by the Egyptian administration in 2015 for the purchase of fighter jets, missiles, and a frigate from France.

[50] French President Emmanuel Macron has faced criticism over his promotion of trade relations between the two countries, from the public as well as organisations like Amnesty International.

[51] This was in reference to a €5.2 billion deal signed in 2015, in which France sold fighter jets, missiles and a frigate to Egypt.

[53] The matter resurfaced during Macron's official visit to Egypt in 2019, where discussions over human rights again dominated a press conference between him and President Sisi.

In January 2018, Macron had raised human rights concerns, during a visit to Cairo, mentioning "respect for individual freedoms, dignity of everyone and the rule of law".

[55] On February 8, 2024, two NGOs lodged complaints with the European Court of Human Rights, accusing France of providing intelligence assistance to Egypt, resulting in the deaths of civilians.

In November 2021, Disclose, a news site, revealed that Egypt utilized French support through the "Sirli" intelligence operation, ostensibly aimed at combating terrorism, to carry out airstrikes on suspected smugglers along the Libyan border.