Elena Landázuri

She helped establish an Indigenous school in Hidalgo, represented the government at the first World Conference of Educators, and worked with Elena Torres to make the authorities aware of problems facing rural teachers.

[4] After serving as private secretary to President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, and a member of the Chamber of Deputies, Pedro was assigned to the post of Mexican consul in Hamburg, Germany, where Isabel died.

[13] In May 1917, when the Conservatorio Libre de Música y Declamación (Free Conservatory of Music and Declamation) opened under the direction of Antonio Caso, she began teaching there.

[14][15] Mexico and the United States created an academic exchange program, which allowed students to study abroad at the Institute of International Education or UNAM in 1918.

Taking advantage of the program,[16][17] between 1919 and 1921, Landázuri, who was teaching at UNAM took sociology courses at the University of Chicago,[1][17] under pioneering scholars, George Herbert Mead, Robert Ezra Park, Albion Woodbury Small, and Frederick Starr.

[18] She joined a local Protestant church and upon completing her studies and took supplemental education courses with the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA).

In addition, a discussion resulted in a resolution to recommend disarmament and instruction on peace, rather than war, in order to cultivate a sense of the world community.

Smith wanted to find a local woman to lead the Mexican YWCA and convince both Catholic and Protestant women to unite and work together to solve the social and economic problems facing families.

[31][32] Working with Smith, Landázuri created a Mothercraft Center to teach secondary and tertiary students, and poor mothers, on how to care for their children.

The goal was to provide severely needed medical services for the poor while simultaneously making the volunteers aware of the importance of serving the community.

They also pushed the Department of Education to allow them to establish girls' clubs to teach impressionable youth the values of good citizenship.

[1][37] The translation into Italian was made by Edoardo Trucco [ru] and the score was composed by Rafael J. Tello [ca], one of the most noted Mexican musicians of the era.

[41][42] During José Vasconcelos's tenure as Secretary of Public Education (1921–1924), Landázuri worked on his literacy campaign and established a school for indigenous children in the State of Hidalgo.

[24][45] Sent to Mexico in 1923 with funding provided by Robert Ezra Park, a personal friend, she introduced the Redfields to Mexican intellectuals and took them to villages where they were able to evaluate pueblos battling between traditional ways of life and modernity.

[21][47] In 1927, the Permanent Cultural Missions of the Department of Education were established and Landázuri was assigned to work in the Xocoyucan Valley, in the state of Tlaxcala.

[48] The aims of the missions were to integrate the primitive rural peasants into modern society and teach them how to run a household, behave morally, tend to the health of their children, and eliminate illiteracy.

[49] Her job was to gather data on housing, typical foods, important cultural places, and an overview of the population, while imparting basic education.

[50] In some places, like Ixtacuixtla, Landázuri reported that the villagers still believed that the earth was flat and in the power of sorcerers She concluded they would be unable to easily become part of a Mexican nation.

[51] In other villages, like San Jorge, she said that the women were quick to pick up the concepts she was trying to impart, and organized both an educational campaign and a plan to drill an artisan well.

[54] Landázuri and other Mexican intellectuals like Rivas Mercado, Manuel Gómez Morín, Gabriela Mistral, and Miguel Palacios Macedo [es] supported Vasconcelos when he unsuccessfully ran for President of Mexico in 1929.

[1] A brief biography of her, which recalls some of her feminist activities and social works is included in the Diccionario enciclopédico del feminismo y los estudios de género en México (Encyclopedic Dictionary of Feminism and Gender Studies in Mexico) published by UNAM in 2019.