Elisaveta Ivanovna Bykova (or Elisabeth Bykova, Russian: Елизаве́та Ива́новна Бы́кова; 4 November 1913 – 8 March 1989) was a Soviet chess player and twice Women's World Chess Champion, from 1953 until 1956, and again from 1958 to 1962.

When she was twelve, her family moved to Moscow, where she began to play chess with her brother.

Her talent became apparent in 1927, when she won her school's chess championship.

She lost the title to Olga Rubtsova in 1956, but won it back two years later, becoming the first woman to do so.

She worked as an engineer in a large Moscow printing house, and was also an author and columnist about chess in the USSR.