Endothelial cell tropism
[5] Given these vital functions, virus interactions with these receptors offers insight into the symptoms that present during viral pathogenesis such as inflammation, increased vascular permeability, and thrombosis.
[7] Therefore, the sole entry into a live host does not necessarily result in propagation for viral progeny as the cell may not contain the critical transcription factors or polymerases for virus replication.
Endothelial cells also possess intrinsic antiviral responses which leverage the host's immune system to battle the infection or restrict viral replication.
[14] The infection of the endothelium via these receptors have been indicated to impair critical immune responses and alter capillary permeability which in turn support the clinical course of the disease.
Analysis of human samples of nonsurvivors of the disease have shown that the endothelium is significantly changed from the healthy state.
[19] In addition to supporting entry of virus, the interactions to these receptors also may also hinder the clearance of pharmaceuticals given to mitigate the infection.
Influenza A H1N1 is a subtype of flu virus that targets and infects endothelial cells of the respiratory system, such as in the lung.
[20] Virus particles tend to exit from the lumen of the endothelium, leading to viral antigens found in the blood and lymphatic endothelial cells.
These summaries do not provide comprehensive list but are representative of common platforms to study emerging infectious diseases.
Commonly, molecular biology methods such as, immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry, enables researchers to visualize where receptor is present on the cell.
Nonhuman primates such as rhesus macaques serve as the "gold standard" approach for animal models for many BSL4 pathogens when the biological phenomenon cannot be studied in other species.
[25] In conjunction to in vitro cell-based assays, these in vivo models are critical to validate therapeutics during drug discovery and development.
The cell type in these assays should display the targeted receptor to representatively validate the drug's proposed mechanism of action and determine its potency, safety, and efficacy in vitro.
Therapeutics that enhance or regain the integrity endothelial barrier after it has been damaged have been considered as potential targets for emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19, Ebola, Dengue fever, and more.
The development, production, and global distribution of these vaccines is imperative to prevent, control, and eradicate pandemic potential pathogens.
[34] This application of cell tropism evaluates the diverse viral entry pathways and host receptors to accomplish this goal.
Moreover, the aspects endothelial cell activation and dysfunction become important readouts during vaccine development as they are part the hallmarks of many clinical courses of infectious diseases.
[35] VSV does not cause disease in humans which renders it a useful backbone to hold an important protein of Zaire Ebola virus.
When the vaccine is administered, the recombinant VSV introduces a functional Ebola virus glycoprotein which interacts with endothelial cell barrier and elicit a rapid immune response without causing disease in patients.
