Born on 10 October 1879, in Gostyń, he studied history in Berlin under Otto Hirschfeld, receiving his doctorate in 1904 with a dissertation titled Die Parthernachrichten bei Josephus.
From 1910 to 1914, he worked as a lecturer at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (Higher Institute for Jewish Studies) in Berlin.
In 1927, he married the historian Selma Stern, who was a research fellow at the Akademie für die Wissenschaft des Judentums at the time.
In 1933, he was removed from his position at Heidelberg by the Nazis, and returned to teach at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums.
After the institute's forced closure in 1941, Täubler and his wife emigrated to the United States with the help of Julian Morgenstern, president of Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati.