During 1990-1992, Eugenijus Gentvilas served as a member of the Supreme Council – Reconstituent Seimas, where he played a pivotal role in signing the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.

Gentvilas transitioned to national governance when he assumed the role of Minister of Economy of Lithuania from February to April 2001.

During this period, he vied for the position of Speaker of the Seimas, ultimately losing to Viktoras Pranckietis, despite garnering 36 parliamentary votes.

A significant turning point in Gentvilas' political career occurred on 9 December 2017, when he was elected as the chairman of the Liberal Movement by a narrow margin of one vote.

He received support from 330 party members, narrowly surpassing his opponent, Vitalius Gailius, the chairman of the anti-corruption commission of the parliament, who garnered 329 votes.