In the 100 metre backstroke, Rylov shared the top prize with Italy's Simone Sabbioni in a matching time of 54.24 seconds.

[9][10] Less than an hour later, Rylov and his teammates Anton Chupkov, Aleksandr Sadovnikov, and Filipp Shopin led throughout the race to capture the 4×100 metre medley relay title in a world junior record-breaking time of 3:38.02.

[13] When Russia hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Rylov charged his way to round out the podium with a third-place and Russian record time of 1:54.60 in the 200 metre backstroke.

[17] Approximately four months later, at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, he broke the European record again with a time of 1:53.97 and won the bronze medal in the 200 metre backstroke.

[21] At the World Aquatics Championships, held in July 2017 at Danube Arena in Budapest, Hungary, Rylov broke his own European record once again in the 200 metre backstroke with a time of 1:53.61, winning the gold medal and defeating the silver medalist in the event, and 2016 Olympic champion in the event, Ryan Murphy of the United States by 0.60 seconds in the process.

[22] This was the first long course world championships gold medal won by a Russian male swimmer in an individual event since 2003.

[37][38][39][40][41] His time moved him up in rankings to the second-fastest performer in the event all-time, only behind world record holder Florent Manaudou.

In the final of the 4×100 metre freestyle relay, he swam the second-fastest split in the field with a 47.02 for the anchor leg of the relay, which was just four-hundredths of a second faster than the 47.06 swum by third-fastest Kyle Chalmers of Australia and sixteen-hundredths of a second slower than the 46.86 swum by Zach Apple of the United States, and contributed to a silver medal-winning finish in 3:09.97.

[55][56] As part of the 4×100 metre medley relay, he split the fastest backstroke leg in the final with a 52.57 to help win the bronze medal in a Russian record time of 3:28.81.

[65][66] In the 100 metre backstroke on the third and fourth days of competition, Rylov was the highest ranking swimmer representing Russia, placing eighth overall with a time of 53.51 seconds in the final.

[67] On days five and six of competition, he competed in the 200 metre backstroke, ultimately winning the gold medal and European title with a time of 1:54.46 in the final, finishing less than two-tenths of a second ahead of silver medalist Luke Greenbank of Great Britain.

[74] Stoloto conducted a poll to determine the best Russian athlete of the 2020 Summer Olympics, with Evgeny Rylov placing first and winning the award.

[79] The following day, he placed fourth in the preliminary heats of the 100 metre backstroke, not advancing to the semifinals as he was not one of the two fastest swimmers representing Russia with his time of 50.55 seconds.

[95] In April 2023, the ban on Russian and Belarusian athletes at World Aquatics (formerly FINA) events was extended indefinitely.

[100] Rylov entered to compete at the 2023 Russian National Championships, held in April at the Palace of Water Sports in Kazan.

[103] The third morning session, he finished in 25.05 seconds in the preliminaries of the 50 metre backstroke, advancing to the semifinals ranking fourth.

[107] In the final, held in the evening session later the same day, he won the gold medal in the 200 metre backstroke with a time of 1:55.50.