In either case, the inner liner is made using different material properties than the structural portion (Hence the name dual (meaning two) and laminate (a word commonly used for a layer of a composite material)) The liner, if made of FRP is usually resin rich and utilizes a different type of glass, called "C-Glass", while the structural portion uses "E-Glass".
The FRP liner is usually cured before winding or lay-up continues, by using either a BPO/DMA system, or using an MEKP catalyst with cobalt in the resin.
PP, PVC, PTFE, ECTFE, ETFE, FEP, CPVC, PVDF are used as common thermoplastic liners.
Due to FRP's weakness to buckling, but immense strength against tensile forces and its resistance to corrosion, a hydrostatic tank is a logical application for the composite.
The tank is designed to withstand the hydrostatic forces required by orienting the fibres in the tangential direction.
FRP tanks and vessels designed as per BS 4994 are widely used in the chemical industry in the following sectors: chlor-alkali manufacturers, fertilizer, wood pulp and paper, metal extraction, refining, electroplating, brine, vinegar, food processing, and in air pollution control equipment, especially at municipal waste water treatment plants and water treatment plants.
They must be designed for Wet media scrubbers typically douse the polluted fluid in a scrubbing solution.
The design constraints for wet media scrubbers typically include: In the case of a decarbonator, used in reverse osmosis systems to limit the concentration of gases in the water, the air is the scrubbing fluid and the sprayed liquid is the polluted stream.
A typical storage tank made of FRP has an inlet, an outlet, a vent, an access port, a drain, and an overflow nozzle.
Tanks smaller than 7,500 liters (2,000 gallons) are easily manufactured out of cheaper materials, such as HDPE or PVC.
For chemical storage and air pollution control, the choice is to make multiple tanks of smaller diameters.
However, new chemistry has produced resins that claim to be able to achieve even higher temperatures, which expand this field immensely.
This deterioration is brought about by chemical changes which occur as a result of exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) portion of light.
Degradation results in the fiberglass tanks and constructs, opening pores in the surface allowing styrene to wick out of the vessel or construct's walls, causing them to become embrittled, reducing the impact resistance and potential elongation properties of the part.
Testing can be performed using actual outdoor weathering exposure, such as Florida and Arizona, to confirm this data.
Note Figure 1 uses the industry standard criteria of when the sample has reached less than 50% of its original break elongation to determine the end of the test.
When plastic tanks absorb the sun's ultraviolet light, the UV energy excites the polymers’chains, causing them to break.
Resources being published by [5] siting additional references to AVENGENERAL ISOLINES OF GLOBAL RADIATION AND THERE EFFECTS ON POLYMERS Years = 70 x UV Rating (Your Location's Isoline) (from Figure 3) Example: Natural Part, Molded Properly, Using UV-8 Additive Package For Use in Florida i.e.Florida= 140 Kcal/cm@2/yr.
For example, UNIT STRENGTH is defined as load in Newton per millimeter (of laminate width) for a layer consisting of 1 kg of glass per square meter.