1919–1922 Victor Emmanuel III Giovanni Giolitti Ivanoe Bonomi Luigi Facta The Kingdom of Italy witnessed significant widespread civil unrest and political strife in the aftermath of World War I and the rise of Italian fascism, the far-right movement led by Benito Mussolini, which opposed the rise at the international level of the political left, especially the far-left along with others who opposed fascism.

[2] With the fascist movement growing, anti-fascist of various political allegiances but generally of the international left combined into the Arditi del Popolo (People's Militia) in 1921.

Armando Casalini, a National Fascist Party deputy, was killed on a tramway in retaliation for Matteotti's murder by the anti-fascist Giovanni Corvi.

On 9 November 1926, the fascist government initiated emergency powers, which resulted in the arrest of multiple anti-fascists including communist Antonio Gramsci.

[6] According to Sternhell "the fascist revolution sought to change the nature of the relationships between the individual and the collectivity without destroying the impetus of economic activity - the profit motive, or its foundation - private property, or its necessary framework - the market economy.