Chaudhury was born on 26 March 1919 to a Bengali Muslim zamindar family in Gahira, Raozan, located in the Chittagong District of the Bengal Province.

His father, Khan Bahadur Abdul Jabbar Chaudhry, was a police official in the British Raj, and his mother, Begum Fatema Khatun Chaudhrani, was a housewife.

He played an important role in floating the Convention Muslim League (1962) and was elected a member of the central committee of the party.

[1] FQC's father, Abdul Jabbar Chaudhry, was a 12th-generation descendant of Sheikh Mohammed Baradam Lashkar, whose forefathers were from the ancient city of Gour.

Kafi Kamal, a senior reporter with the Manab Zamin, details the extent of FQC's relations in his book Attiyotar Bondhone Rajneeti (Kinship Politics).

FQC's third son, Giasuddin, is married to the daughter of former Cabinet Secretary of Bangladesh and language movement activist Mujibul Huq.

His brother, AKM Fazlul Kabir Chowdhury, was the leader of the opposition in the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly.

Fazle Karim Chowdhury, is an Awami League politician and the current member of parliament for Raozan upazila.

His wife's elder sister, Syeda Roqeya Akhtar, was married to former finance minister Murtaza Raza Choudhry, zamindar of Monakosha.

Their son, Salman F Rahman, is the vice-chairman of Beximco Group and an advisor to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.