The First All-Union Turkological Congress (Russian: Первый Всесоюзный тюркологический съезд, romanized: Pervyy Vsesoyuznyy tyurkologichesky syezd; Azerbaijani: Birinci Türkoloji Qurultay) was a conference of Turkologists and politicians that occurred in the city of Baku, then part of the Soviet Union, from 26 February to 6 March 1926.

The First Turkology Congress has entered history as one of the most significant events in the cultural life of Turkic peoples, including Azerbaijanis, in the 20th century.

[citation needed] The congress brought together not only Turkic peoples residing in the Soviet Union but also foreign guests, with a total of 131 participants, including scholars, linguists, historians, poets, writers, and other prominent intellectuals.

It laid the foundation for addressing and preparing a series of important issues for the diverse Turkic peoples living in a vast geographical area.

The Presidium of the congress included Agamalioglu and Ruhulla Akhundov from Azerbaijan, Habib Jabiyev, the orientalist-historian academic Vasily Bartold, academic Sergey Oldenburg, the representative of European scholars Professor F. F. Mensel and Naqovitsin from the People's Commissariat of Public Education of the Russian SFSR, Professor Bekir Çoban-zade, Professor Aleksandr Martynov and Ahmet Baitursynuly from Kazakhstan, Isidor Barakhov from Yakutia, Ilya Borozdin and M. Pavlovich from the Oriental Studies Association, Ğälimcan İbrahimov from Tatarstan, İdelguzin from Bashkortostan, Mehmet Fuat Köprülü from Turkey, Djelal ed-Din Korkmasov from Dagestan, Nahamov from Uzbekistan, Tunstanov from Karakalpakstan, Berdiyev from Turkmenistan, Osman Aqçoqraqlı from Crimea, and Umar Aliyev from North Caucasus.

[6] Ali bey Huseynzade, Bang, Mustafa Guliyev, academic Nikolai Marr, Anatoly Lunacharsky, and Tomsen became honorary members of the Presidium of the Congress.

After Azerbaijan was annexed by Russia, the issue of alphabet reform in the Near East was initially raised by the prominent Azerbaijani intellectual and educator Mirza Fatali Akhundov.

In subsequent periods, Ismail Gasprinsky, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski, Firidun bey Kocharli, Veli Khuluflu, and Huseyn Javid also engaged in fruitful activities in this direction.

This process received special attention not only from Baku scholars but also from Turkologists working in other scientific centers of the Soviet Union at that time.

The commission included Samad Aghamalioglu (chairman), M. Pavlovich, Habib Jabiyev, Vasily Bartold, Aleksandr Martynov, Djelal ed-Din Korkmasov, G. Broydo, Tyuryakulov, Zifeld, Fitred, Bekir Çoban-zade, Ashmarin, Odabash, Novshirvano, Ahmet Baitursynuly, and Yusufzade.

[11] Samad aga Agamalioglu, the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR, presided over the Congress, and the following individuals were elected to the Congress's Presidium: Agamalioglu, Ruhulla Akhundov, Habib Jabiyev, the renowned orientalist-historian academician Vasily Bartold, academician Sergey Oldenburg, the representative of European scholars Professor F. F. Mensel, Naqovitsin from the People's Commissariat of Education of the Russian SFSR, Professor Çoban-zade, Professor Aleksandr Martynov, Baitursynuly from Kazakhstan, Isidor Barahov from Yakutia, Borozdin and Pavloviç from the Oriental Studies Association, Ğälimcan İbrahimov from Tatarstan, İdelquzin from Bashkortostan, Mehmet Fuat Kopruluzade from Turkey, Korkmasov, Shakircan Rahim from Uzbekistan, Tunstanov from Karakalpakstan, Berdiyev from Turkmenistan, Osman Nuri Akchokraklı from Crimea, and Aliyev Umar from the North Caucasus.

Additionally, representatives from Azerbaijan and other republics such as Ali bey Huseynzade, Banq, Mustafa Guliyev, Academician Nikolai Marr, Anatoly Lunacharsky, and Tomsen were chosen as honorary members of the Congress's Presidium.

[10] During the Congress, the theoretical perspective of the remarkable phonetics scholar Lev Shcherba's presentation on "The Basic Principles of Orthography and Their Social Significance" was particularly noteworthy.

[10] G. İbrahimov, the head of the six-member delegation from Tatarstan participating in the First Baku Turkology Congress, expressed his opposition to transitioning to a new alphabet based on the Arabic script.

Among the attendees was the Tatar literary figure Aziz Gubaydullin, who, in his speech at the congress, informed that Salman Mümtaz was publishing the works of Azerbaijani poets in the "Kommunist" newspaper.

[12] At the First Baku Turkology Congress, the following seven major issues related to Turkic languages were discussed and respective decisions were made, presented by the co-chairman of the organizing committee, Djelal ed-Din Korkmasov:[12] 1.

[19] Among them were figures like Ruhulla Akhundov, Martynov, Korkmasov, Çoban-zade, Aqçoqraqlı, Baitursynuly, Salman Mumtaz,[20] Isidor Barahov, Henefi Zeynallı,[21] Hikmet Jevdet-zade, and others.

[23] On 28 April 1976, the Second Republic Conference of young philologists on the theme "Current Problems of Turkmen Philology" was held at the Magtymguly Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan, dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the First Turkology Congress.

[24] The legal status of the First Turkology Congress in Baku gained national significance in Azerbaijan for the second time in the 20th century after the restoration of its state independence.

On 5 November 2005, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev signed a decree on the celebration of the 80th anniversary of this significant historical event, which occurred after the re-establishment of Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union.

President Ilham Aliyev of the Republic of Azerbaijan signed a decree on 18 February 2016, to ensure the state-level commemoration of the 90th anniversary of the Congress.

During the meeting, instructions were given to the relevant institutes and organizations regarding the proper celebration of the 90th anniversary of the Turkology Congress, and discussions were held on the planned activities in this direction.