The federation is involved in legislative and political activities, labor movement advocacy, research, as well as member mobilization and education.

In 2005, following the disaffiliation of certain unions to the Change to Win Federation (CTW), the Florida AFL–CIO established the United Labor Lobby.

In 2009, Florida AFL–CIO delegates elected Mike Williams, a member of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local Union #177, (I.B.E.W.

In 2013, Florida AFL–CIO delegates re-elected Mike Williams as president of the federation unanimously, and elected David Pittman as secretary-treasurer.

In even-numbered years, the Florida AFL–CIO hosts a Committee on Political Education (COPE) Convention to endorse candidates, recommend legislative and ballot initiatives, establish positions on legislation and ballot initiatives, and establish the organization's member political education and action efforts.