Běhounek studied physics and mathematics at Charles University, later radiology in France with Marie Curie-Skłodowska.
In 1926, he took part in an expedition of Roald Amundsen to the North Pole with airship Norge.
In 1928, as an expert on cosmic rays, he was a member of crew of airship Italia led by Umberto Nobile.
He survived its crash in 1928, and later described it in his book Trosečníci na kře ledové.
[2] As a scientist, he worked in industrial companies, medical institutions, universities and in the state academy.