His most notable work is his autobiographical account Tage der Gefahr (Days of Danger) about the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 — in Kunst und Altertum, Goethe called it "one of the most wondrous productions ever to have been written".
A Friedrich-Rochlitz-Preis for art criticism is named after him — it is awarded by the Leipzig Gesellschaft für Kunst und Kritik and was presented for the fourth time in 2009.
He planned to marry the harpist Therese Emilie Henriette Winkel and so Duke Karl August made him a privy councillor of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar on 14 September 1800, but the marriage did not materialise.
Motivated by the wish to publicize the company's edition-in-progress of the composer's works, he published a number of anecdotes about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, many of them vivid and entertaining.
The eminent Mozartist Ruth Halliwell (1998) writes acerbically: Though it now seems that [the publisher's and Rochlitz's] exercise was a cynical marketing activity, of which biographical truth was the least important consideration, these anecdotes have taken tenacious hold; like weeds, however many times they appear to have been killed, they sprout up somewhere else.