Born in Brussels to Armenian parents and raised in Paris, Chaliand attended the Lycée Henri IV in the Latin Quarter and spent nearly a year in London and the United Kingdom.
He travelled North Africa before entering the School of Oriental Languages and Civilisations (INALCO) in Paris, where his studies focused on the history and culture of non-western societies.
After the Algerian independence, he worked during 1963-64 as an editor at the Revolution Africaine, a weekly in Algiers where he met many of the leaders of the national liberation movements of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East.
Chaliand has been a participant-observer in various guerrilla conflicts: He has conducted field studies for over four decades in: He taught in Paris, France, at the École nationale d'administration (1980-1987) and at Ecole de Guerre (War College) from 1990 to 1995.
He delivered over five hundred lectures in major Universities and research centers, including the Rand Corporation and the US Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.
He was also a visiting professor at the military academy, Bogota (Colombia), and Universities of Cape Town (South Africa), Montreal (Canada), Salamanca (Spain), Sussex and Manchester (United Kingdom), Vladikavkaz (Northern Ossetia), Sulaymaniyah (Iraq), and Ilia Chavchavadze (Georgia).