G-dropping also occurs, although at lower rates of frequency than in present participles, in other words ending in the syllable -ing, including nouns such as ceiling and morning.
The stereotypical U-RP pronunciation of huntin', shootin' and fishin' features G-dropping in all three words: [ˈhʌntɪn ˈʃuːtɪn ən ˈfɪʃɪn].
The latter is usually not homophonous with taken [ˈteɪkən, -kn̩, -kŋ̍] as the final vowels in these words differ in height (though /ə/ can be as close as [ɘ] in the vicinity of alveolars) as well as in the fact that [ɨ̞] does not participate in syllabic consonant formation, being phonemically /ɪ/.
[7][8][9] However, /ɪŋ/ is also realized as [in] when the raising of /ɪ/ to [i] before the underlying /ŋ/ (found in various dialects of North American English) is applied even after the "g" is dropped, leading to a variant pronunciation [ˈteɪkin] by speakers from not just California but also from other Western states, Midwestern areas including the Upper Midwest[10][11] and even Canada.
A reverse phenomenon has been reported to occur in New Zealand English, in which even the stressed instances of the KIT vowel are central [ə] (with the height being somewhat variable) that is not distinct from the schwa phoneme /ə/ (hence the stereotypical NZE pronunciation of "fish and chips" as /ˌfəʃ ən ˈtʃəps/, sounding like "fush and chups" to Australians).
[7] A study from the 1950s previously mentioned[clarification needed] showed that southern areas of the US are more likely to use "g-dropping", with young men being the higher demographic.
[7] This has been reinforced by pop culture references where the less educated characters were more likely to be seen dropping the "g", for example in Uncle Tom's Cabin.
[15] As previously said, G-dropping is more prevalent in some southern areas of the United States; and we can see a clear example in Appalachian English.
[16] A foundational study by Wolfram and Christian's Appalachian Speech which analyzed counties in West Virginia found that the dropping of "g" was clearly more predominant than in other parts of the country.
A study showed that African-American English speakers drop the "G" 54% of the time, and the proportion is even higher for those in the working class.
[16] Although G-dropping has been heavily stigmatized in some dialects, it is not perceived as abnormal when sung and occurs commonly in popular music.
[4] Both the sound change and spelling are used for example Bob Dylan's Blowin' in the Wind employs ⟨n'⟩ to explicitly indicate g-dropping.
[4] In African American Vernacular English, the phonological action of g-dropping is seen as commonplace in the language, so much so that this trait bleeds into other facets of the culture such as music.
This [k] can be preglottalized ([ˈnʌfɪŋʔk]) just like the underlying voiceless stops in "think", "limp" and "tint": [fɪŋʔk, lɪmʔp, tɪnʔt].