Galaxy color–magnitude diagram

A preliminary description of the three areas of this diagram was made in 2003 by Eric F. Bell et al. from the COMBO-17 survey[1] that clarified the bimodal distribution of red and blue galaxies as seen in the analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey data[2] and even in de Vaucouleurs's 1961 analyses of galaxy morphology.

[3] The diagram has three main features: the red sequence, the green valley, and the blue cloud.

In between the two distributions is an underpopulated space known as the green valley which includes a number of red spirals.

New research suggests the green valley is actually composed of two different populations of galaxies: one of late-type galaxies, where star formation has been quenched due to their gas supplies being shut off followed by exhaustion of their gas reservoirs for several billion years, and another of early-type galaxies where both the gas supplies and gas reservoirs have been destroyed very quickly, likely because of mergers with other galaxies and/or the presence of an active galactic nucleus.

[5][6] The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are assumed to lie in the green valley due to their star formation slowing down as a result of both running out of gas.