[3][4] Criminologists have also pioneered the specific discipline of criminal victimization which could be considered one of many major factors contributing to gender crimes.
For example, there is a greater likelihood of women in comparison to men who are victims of a familiar person, in most cases a man that they know, instead of a stranger.
Gender influences multiple social practices, including the organization of power structures and privilege in society.
Structural violence derives from institutions that create and intrench inequality,[10] thus providing a space for gender crimes.
[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] As a result, minority groups are forced to function under a system that actively oppresses them, with standards regarding race, gender, and class that they are expected to measure up to but inevitably do not.
Hate crimes are usually committed based on a perceived difference or violation of social norms, making these people especially vulnerable.
[25] Narratives then arise that men should be aggressive and strong, taking what they want, especially sexually, contributing to the large rates of gender violence and crime.
A large part of second wave feminists were middle class white women, who used their privilege to fight for their cause.
[28] The goals of second wave feminism were to gain equality in employment, law, government, and education, as well as ending violence against women.
[29][30] Violence was often an unnamed issue, and it was widely believed that women were doing something to deserve it, whether that be the way they dressed, spoke, or if they were thought to provoke their partner.
In response, Take Back the Night Marches were on the rise, in order to protest sexual violence and rape of women.
[31][28] By the end of the 1970s, federal attention had been received, and combatting violence against women was a cornerstone identification of the Towards Equality plan.
A transition house was meant to provide a woman with the shelter and necessities she needed to escape from an abusive situation.
[34] A study found that abuse of women often is not an isolated incident, occurring more than once, which can lead to an eventual homicide when a woman has no way to escape.
[10][42] These feminists also wanted to smash barriers facing people regarding their sexuality, race, and class, while also redefining the traditional notions of what is masculine or feminine.
[43] Women's studies programs were being developed at universities, and third wave feminists used the irony of sexist arguments to advertise their views.
[43][48] The Me Too Movement was launched in 2006, as a way to support those who had gone through instances of sexual violence and providing a platform for the voices of survivors to be heard.
[50] In reference to wages, on average, in 1998 women made $5.17 less an hour than men, while in 2018 they make only $4.13 less than their male coworkers, which can be attributed to their increased involvement in work and achievements in education.
[56] In 2015 the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls was launched, in order to investigate the high levels of violence faced by this group.
[63] Although progress has definitely been made from the 1970s, the elimination of gender crimes and violence is truly a journey, and there are still issues surrounding it that need to be focused on today.
As seen through the analysis, the persistence of the wage gap and the need for multiple waves of feminism proves that societal structures oppressing women have not yet been dismantled.