The list also includes German Technische Universitäten (universities of technology), which have official and full university status, but usually focus on engineering and the natural sciences rather than covering the whole spectrum of academic disciplines.
[2] The list does not, however, cover the German Fachhochschulen (University of Applied Sciences) or institutions that cover only certain disciplines such as business studies, fine arts, or engineering.
A private university is included in the list if it awards its own doctorate degree.
In general, public German universities do not charge tuition fees.
This is a list of the ten oldest universities that have been in continuous operation since their founding in present-day Germany.