In synthesizing renin, they play a critical role in the renin–angiotensin system and thus in autoregulation of the kidney.

Macula densa cells are located in the distal convoluted tubule, and stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to release renin when they detect a drop in chloride concentration in tubular fluid.

In appropriately stained tissue sections, juxtaglomerular cells are distinguished by their granulated cytoplasm.

Similar to cardiac tissue, juxtaglomerular cells harbor β1 adrenergic receptors.

When stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, these receptors induce the secretion of renin.