Greensboro was founded circa 1780; in 1787, it was designated the seat of the newly formed Greene County.

[4] The city was named for Major General Nathanael Greene, commander of the rebel American forces at the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 15, 1781.

Georgia State Route 44 leads southwest from Greensboro 22 miles (35 km) to Eatonton.

The city limits extend southwest along SR 44 for 4 miles (6 km) so as to include Exit 130 on Interstate 20.

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,648 people, 1,288 households, and 808 families residing in the city.