Gustave Hervé

At first, he was a fervent antimilitarist socialist and pacifist, but he later turned to equally zealous ultranationalism, declaring his patriotisme in 1912 when released from 26 months of imprisonment for anti-militarist publishing activities.

Soon Hervéists created a weekly newspaper, La Guerre sociale, which attempted to unite the extreme French left.

Startling as his reversal may appear at first glance, Hervé's activist Insurrectional Socialism actually included an antimaterialistic critique of society.

Despite Hervé's marginalization during the interwar era and his general reluctance to engage in violence, his Neo-Bonapartist views and admiration for Mussolini must inescapably be included within what Philippe Burrin has called "the fascist drift".

He died in 1944, and was actually harassed during the war years by Vichy France officials for his criticism published in La Victoire.