Gymnogeophagus is a genus of cichlid fishes from South America, where they are known from various river basins (notably Rio de la Plata and Lagoa dos Patos–Mirim) in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina.

[1] They are part of a group popularly known as eartheaters.

There are currently 20 recognized extant species in this genus:[1] An extinct species Gymnogeophagus eocenicus lived during the Early Eocene of Argentina, around 48.6 million years ago, representing one of the oldest known cichlids.

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