Hélène Landemore

[2][3][4][5] After a childhood spent in Normandy, Landemore began higher studies in Paris at the age of 18.

In 2008 she received a Ph.D. from Harvard University with a thesis on the idea of collective intelligence applied to the justification of democracy.

[6] She researched the 2010 participatory constituent process in Iceland and directly observed the 2019-20 French’s Citizen Convention for Climate.

[5] Like David Van Reybrouck and Brett Hennig, she observes that elections are more aristocratic than democratic, as they empower a tiny social elite.

[14] As a result, the United States more closely resembles a plutocracy, in which the economic elite has more influence on politics than the vast majority of the population.