This was also a consequence of the French Revolution, when many of these hôtels particuliers, offering large reception rooms with gilded panelling and exquisite decoration, were confiscated and turned into national institutions.
Delamair, in turn, commissioned the building contractor Guillaume Delavergne († 1710) on 4 June 1704, on behalf of the abbé, to carry out his plans for the new residence, with the total costs estimated at 31,000 livres.
This sum was set on 19 March 1710 by a commission of experts after a site visit, as the relationship between the people involved in the construction was no longer the best at that time due to financial disputes.
But then Brice praises: "The apartments enjoy an advantageous view and the house, actually built in a rather light way, does not fail to provide several amenities, which make the residence pleasant.
L'Amour le voyant mort, dit : « Bon, ceci faisait un endroit de délice, À mes mystères tout propices, J'y veux loger un baron suisse, Il y célébrera mon nom » ;
Jean Victor de Besenval was a descendant from a family originally from Torgnon in the Aosta Valley, which had risen socially in the service of King Louis XIV and had received a title of baron (Reichsfreiherren) of the Holy Roman Empire from Emperor Leopold I in 1695.
Furthermore, already in February 1655, Martin de Besenval (1600–1660), Jean Victor's grandfather, was ennobled by King Louis XIV and raised to the knighthood in 1658 in gratitude for his merit for the French crown.
Jean Victor de Besenval's closest ally at the court of King Augustus II the Strong was Maria Magdalena Bielińska, div.
Katarzyna, Baronne de Besenval, née Bielińska, became almost overnight an important figure at the royal court of France when, on 15 August 1725, King Louis XV married Marie Leszczyńska, her cousin, at least that's the rumour that's been spread.
[46][47][48] At the beginning of the 1780s, it was the reign of King Louis XVI with his wife Queen Marie-Antoinette at his side, the art-loving baron could already look back on an impressive military career.
He reports: "A larger-than-life naiad, lying and leaning on her urn, is placed between the free-standing columns on an oval-shaped pedestal; a large bronze mask, which is adapted to it, provides this pool with hot and cold water."
"By 1789, at the dawn of the French Revolution, Pierre Victor de Besenval had accumulated the prestigious and influential positions of Lieutenant-Général of the King's armies, Lieutenant-Colonel of the Swiss Guards Regiment and Commandant en chef of the troops and garrisons in the interior of France with the exception of the city of Paris.
His popularity certainly had something to do with the fact that on 19 February 1781, Jacques Necker made the state finances public for the first time in the history of France in his report: The Compte rendu au Roi.
Amongst others, he received Gouverneur Morris, the future Ambassador of the United States of America to France, on 17 November, to whom the baron reported that he is convinced that a counter-revolution will soon take place.
Maître Jean-Jacques Grandin, commissioner of the prison court of the Grand Châtelet from 1782 to 1791, accompanied by two witnesses, went to the Hôtel de Besenval to seal all the baron's filing cabinets and his writing desk in order to secure evidence.
Saved from the guillotine and released from prison, the baron returned that same day to his residence on the Rue de Grenelle, protected by the Swiss Guards and escorted by a crowd of friends.
In his Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe, published in 1849 and 1850, he commented cynically on Pierre Victor de Besenval's acquittal: "This incriminated baron, compromised in the affair of the Bastille and saved by M. Necker and by Mirabeau just because he was Swiss: What misery!
Also most of the other objects visible in the portrait can be identified and sometimes even traced back to their whereabouts, like the three pieces of green Chinese celadon porcelain mounted with French gilt-bronze and placed on the mantelpiece.
The most valuable piece of furniture in the baron's collection was a commode à vantaux made in 1778 by Martin Carlin in ebony inset with precious pietra dura panels, signed by Gian Ambrogio Giachetti, a Florentine lapidary who worked at the Gobelins Manufactory between 1670 and 1675.
In the aftermath of World War I, parts of the Hôtel de Besenval served from 1936 to 1938 as the seat of various international arbitral tribunals provided for in the peace treaties.
However, already during the baron's lifetime some pieces of furniture as well as paintings and further works of art from the Hôtel de Besenval were sent to his country estate in Switzerland, the Schloss Waldegg.
According to oral tradition, shortly before the French Revolution, the baron also sent a furniture ensemble to Switzerland, consisting of a sofa and six chairs painted in the so-called gris Trianon (a colour named after the Petit Trianon) and covered in beige fabric and embroidered with scenes from the fables of Jean de La Fontaine, except for the sofa, which is covered with a pattern of flowers and birds.
It depicts the moment when King Louis XIV, the only non-clergyman allowed to wear a hat, and the envoys of the Confederation of the XIII cantons take an oath together on the Bible in the presence of Cardinal Antonio Barberini and over 150 dignitaries.
[163][178][179] "This treaty brought France and the Swiss so many political and economic advantages that it was repeatedly renewed with minor expansions by the French kings François I to Louis XIV in 1663.
[181] The idea of depicting the main events in the life of King Louis XIV in the medium of the tapestry goes back to Jean Chapelain, an adviser to Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
Since the royal court had a great interest in ensuring that as many people as possible knew about these glorious events, engravings of the individual tapestries were later made, which were widely distributed and glorified and shaped the image of the king in France as well as abroad.
"The last major construction work on the Hôtel de Besenval, which is a classic example of a so-called residence entre cour et jardin (between courtyard and garden), dates back to the end of the 1990s.
In order for these renovations to be carried out efficiently and for embassy operations to continue running smoothly, it was necessary for some of the offices to be relocated to a temporary facility at 26 Rue Villiot for 18 months from April 1998.
Furthermore, the work also included, amongst others, the renovation of the façades and the roof, the redesign of the commercial kitchen, the repair of the sanitary facilities and the heating as well as the adaptation of the general electrical installations to today's standards.
In addition to the Swiss athletes and a large number of international guests, Ambassador Roberto Balzaretti welcomed personalities from sports, politics, business and culture to the House of Switzerland, including Viola Amherd, President of the Swiss Confederation, Federal Councillor Ignazio Cassis, Federal Councillor Élisabeth Baume-Schneider, Thomas Bach, President of the International Olympic Committee, Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris, and Jackie Chan.
The
Hôtel Chanac de Pompadour
on the
Turgot map of Paris
(sheet 16) in 1737
(parcelle n° 19)
. At the crossroad next to the
allée
are also the buildings of the former
Couvent
de Sainte-Valère
visible. The church of the convent was auctioned off in 1838 and then demolished to be incorporated into the new
Hôtel de Monaco
, built for banker William Williams-Hope, Baron Hope (1802–1855). Today the Hôtel de Monaco houses the residence of the Ambassador of
Poland
.
[
3
]
The historical façade of the
corps de logis
of the single-floor residence
Hôtel Chanac de Pompadour,
later called
Hôtel de Besenval,
towards the courtyard, according to the plans of 1704 by
Pierre-Alexis Delamair
(engraving from 1727 by
Jean Mariette
).
Plan of the
Hôtel Chanac de Pompadour
from 1727 by
Jean Mariette
, which, however, is likely to be largely identical to the original plan from 1704 by Delamair (the original plan is considered lost). Visible are the ground floors of the
corps de logis
as well as of the outbuildings around the
cour d'honneur
and the
basse-cour.
The garden was on different levels at the time.
The historical façade of the
corps de logis
of the single-floor residence
Hôtel Chanac de Pompadour,
later called
Hôtel de Besenval,
towards the garden, according to the plans of 1704 by
Pierre-Alexis Delamair
(engraving from 1727 by
Jean Mariette
). The architectural arrangement with the free-standing figures and vases on the roof
cornice
was criticised by
Germain Brice
.
A view that has not changed since 1704:
Enfilade
from the
Salon des perroquets
via the
vestibule
to the entrance gate of the Hôtel de Besenval. It was Louis-Guy de Guérapin de Vauréal who enlarged the
vestibule
to its current size.
Louise-Anne, Marquise de Ségur, née de Vernon (1729–1778), wife of
Maréchal
Philippe Henri, Marquis de Ségur
. The Marquise de Ségur was Pierre Victor de Besenval's favorite mistress and the mother of his only child. At the same time, the Marquis de Ségur was Besenval's military comrade and his best friend. Painted by
Louis Carrogis Carmontelle
in 1763.
Paved the way for her son's French career: Katarzyna, Baronne de Besenval de Brunstatt, née Bielińska (1684–1761), Pierre Victor's mother. While
Voltaire
conceded wit and modesty to her,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
considered her stubborn and too conceited. Rousseau felt insulted by the Baronne de Besenval and remarked:
"The only person who received me badly, and from whom I would have least expected this injustice, was Madame de Besenval."
Portrayed by
Nicolas de Largillière
in 1720.
[
35
]
[
36
]
[
37
]
The
nymphaeum
as it appeared at the end of the 19th century (all decorative elements were removed in 1822). The symmetry of the rectangular room was emphasised by the four niches in the corners with vases by
Claude Michel
. In addition, there was one of Claude Michel's two large reliefs on the north and south wall respectively (in this drawing already replaced by the baron's relocated commemorative plaque). Two original by Claude Michel signed rectangular
terracotta
preparatory reliefs for the decoration of the baron's nymphaeum were rediscovered and sold by
Christie's
in New York on 20 October 2022 as lot 35 in the sale
The
Ann
&
Gordon Getty
Collection
for US$252,000. One depicting
Venus
and
Cupid
,
Salmacis
and
Hermaphroditus
and
Leda and the Swan
,
the other depicting
The Bath of Venus
(the latter was eventually replaced by a different design). The lot was bought by Daniel Katz Ltd, London.
[
49
]
Cutaway drawing
showing the nymphaeum in 1782, as designed by
Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart
and artistically decorated by
Claude Michel
. On the wall, between the two niches with the vases, one of the two large reliefs, made of
Pierre de Tonnerre,
by Claude Michel, depicting
Venus
and
Cupid
,
Salmacis
and
Hermaphroditus
and
Leda and the Swan
.
The second one, on the opposite side, depicting
Pan
pursuing
Syrinx
under de gaze of
Cupid
(as can be seen separately above the drawing). On the far left: The now considered lost larger-than-life
naiad
, called
La Source,
on her oval-shaped pedestal. In addition to the nymphaeum itself, contemporaries were also impressed by the
floating staircase
that led there. This staircase was lost over time during the various structural alteration works.
Detail of Brongniart's plan for the nymphaeum with the now considered lost larger-than-life
naiad
, called
La Source,
on her oval-shaped pedestal, showing the gargoyle in the form of a mask made of bronze.
The commemorative plaque for the nymphaeum was commissioned by the Baron de Besenval himself.
The remains of the
nymphaeum
in the basement of the Hôtel de Besenval as seen in 2018 (measurements of the surface area: 13.00 m x 6.00 m). The slightly different colours of the floor plates still indicate the location of the former
pool
. The
elliptical
pool was 3.50 meters in diameter and was surrounded by 12
Doric
columns, four of which were free-standing.
[
49
]
Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart
. In 1782, he built the Baron de Besenval's nymphaeum, the most famous private bath in 18th century Paris.
Negotiations on the plank: On 14 July 1789, on the orders of the
Governor of the Bastille
,
Bernard-René Jourdan, Marquis de Launay
,
Ludwig von Flüe
, the commanding officer of the
Swiss Guards
in the defense of the
Bastille
, handed over the letter of capitulation with the governor's demands to
Stanislas-Marie Maillard
through one of the holes he had made in the drawbridge of the Bastille. On the other side of the drawbridge Stanislas-Marie Maillard climbed onto a plank above the dry moat to fetch the document. However, Bernard-René Jourdan de Launay's demands were not met by the revolutionaries. At 5:30 pm the
Bastille was stormed
and Bernard-René Jourdan de Launay lost his head.
[
67
]
The looting of the weapons at
Les Invalides
on 14 July 1789, after the Baron de Besenval had withdrawn his troops on 12 July from central Paris. These weapons were used later that day in the
Taking of the Bastille
by revolutionary insurgents.
The Baron de Besenval was taken to the partially destroyed
Château de Brie-Comte-Robert
for imprisonment. The baron always referred to it as the
"horrible cachot" (horrible dungeon).
The Baron de Besenval made headlines for months in the
Journal de Paris
.
The public took a keen interest in the trial against the Swiss baron.
Excerpt from the
Journal de Paris,
no. 343, Wednesday, 9 December 1789:
L'affaire de Monsieur de Besenval,
report after the baron's second interrogation on 3 December.
Excerpt from the
Journal de Paris,
no. 225, Friday, 13 August 1790: Acquittal on Monday, 1 March 1790 – The Baron de Besenval is acquitted of the crime of
lèse-nation
.
[
87
]
Chambre du maître,
the former bedroom of the Baron de Besenval, where he died on 2 June 1791 in the arms of
Victor von Gibelin
. The room has four
overdoors
with
grisaille
painting by
Jules Didier
, after engravings by
François Boucher
, showing landscape scenes with sheep, birds and
putti
, interpreting the three seasons autumn, winter and spring. The fourth overdoor is dedicated to love. Parts of the wood panelling are original with later additions of panels from the
Louis XV
period and the last quarter of the 19th century. Today the room is called
Salon des ministres.
The baron's writing table, dating in parts from around 1720 and remodelled by the ebeniste E. J. Cuvellier around 1765, was placed in this room. On 25 May 2021, this
bureau plat
was sold by
Christie's
in London as lot 30 in the sale
Collection Baroness
Marion Lambert
for EUR462,500.
[
103
]
[
56
]
[
104
]
[
105
]
[
106
]
Excerpt from the auction catalogue of the sale of the Besenval collection on 10 August 1795 (
23 thermidor, an 3ème
), conducted by
Alexandre Joseph Paillet
. For reasons of discretion and out of consideration for the difficult political situation for the nobility at the time, Pierre Victor de Besenval's name is deliberately not mentioned.
Installed by Pierre Victor de Besenval (originally in the
Grand cabinet
): The large and unique marble stove decorated with
gilt bronzes
made by
Pierre Gouthière
in the
vestibule
of the Hôtel de Besenval. Photographed just before
World War I
. Only a few years later it was dismantled and sold. In the late 1990s the stove was with the Galerie Kraemer of Paris. The gallery later sold it to a customer in the United States for
FRF
4,500,000 (then ~US$800,000).
[
113
]
[
114
]
Detail of the now lost neo
Louis XV
ceiling of the
Chambre du maître,
photographed around 1910.
Le Baron de Besenval dans son salon de compagnie
at the Hôtel de Besenval, the iconic portrait of the baron by
Henri-Pierre Danloux
from 1791 (the year of the baron's death). A preparatory drawing of this portrait shows the baron seated with his face and upper body turned toward the viewer instead of the profile view. By changing the pose from frontal to profile, Danloux focuses the attention less on the sitter himself and more on the objects in the room, putting not Besenval himself in the limelight but his passion as a collector. On 27 May 2004, this portrait of the baron was sold by
Sotheby's
in New York as lot 35 for US$2,472,000. Today the portrait is part of the collections of the
National Gallery
, which acquired the painting from the London art market in 2004 for GBP1,600,434.63 (from Daniel Katz Ltd and Simon Dickinson Ltd). This room, the
Salon de compagnie,
was probably lost over time during the various structural alteration works. However, there is speculation as to whether this room could be identical to the
Salon de la tapisserie.
[
119
]
[
120
]
[
121
]
Once the most valuable piece of furniture at the Hôtel de Besenval: The Baron de Besenval's
commode à vantaux
from 1778 by
Martin Carlin
, once commissioned by
Dominique Daguerre
. The reused, probably once royal, 17th century
pietra dura
panels are signed by the Florentine lapidary Gian Ambrogio Giachetti. Pieces like this would fetch over a million
euros
at auction today. Photographed in the 1920s in the Green Drawing Room at
Buckingham Palace
.
[
130
]
[
131
]
Bought the Hôtel de Besenval in 1797: The widow Marie-Elisabeth-Olive Guigues, Comtesse de Moreton de Chabrillan (1761–1807), heiress to the Château de Digoine in
Palinges
. The comtesse was portrayed by
Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun
in 1782.
The entrance hall of the
Château de Digoine
as it appeared at the end of the 19th century. Visible are the following works of art by
Claude Michel
which he produced for the nymphaeum of the Hôtel de Besenval: The relief showing
Pan
pursuing
Syrinx
under de gaze of
Cupid
(embedded in the wall on the left), one of the four vases (on a pedestal column at the top of the stairs) and the masterpiece: The now considered lost larger-than-life
naiad
, called
La Source,
on her original oval-shaped pedestal (the pedestal has apparently been rotated 180 degrees so that the gargoyle cannot be seen on this photo). The benches with paw feet were also part of the nymphaeum's furnishings.
View from the
Salon de la tapisserie
with its mirrored doors to the
Salon des perroquets
and further to the
Salon des ministres
(La chambre du maître).
The
Salon des perroquets
is named after the painting with a parrot in the
trumeau mirror
above the fireplace and after the paintings on the
overdoors
which show parrots as well. These paintings were all installed in the last quarter of the 19th century. It was in this room, where the Baron de Besenval had gathered his guests for dinner on 16 March 1778 in the course of the affair:
An Incident at the Opera Ball on Mardi Gras in 1778
.
View from the
vestibule
with its 18th century wood panelling
à la capucine
to the
Salon des perroquets.
To the left and right of the door are the portraits of
Jacques Necker
, who saved Besenval's neck, and his wife
Suzanne Curchod
. The wood panelling was originally painted.
On the afternoon of 8 March 1938,
Walter Stucki
, the designated
Envoy
of the Swiss Confederation to France (right), and the French Foreign Minister
Yvon Delbos
(left) met for talks in Delbos' office at the
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
. On this occasion, Stucki presented Delbos with a copy of his
Lettres de créance
,
which Stucki later presented to the President of the French Republic,
Albert Lebrun
. One of the topics of conversation that afternoon was the relocation of the Swiss Legation to the Hôtel de Besenval. A few days later the world looked very different. On 10 March, the
Government Chautemps IV
under Prime Minister
Camille Chautemps
resigned and Delbos was no longer foreign minister. On 12 March, the
Anschluss Österreichs
took place. It was the eve of World War II.
The relocation of the Swiss
Legation
to the Rue de Grenelle in 1938 made international headlines. At this time war was in the air and the international press was closely following what neutral Switzerland was doing. It was no surprise that
The New York Times
reported on the relocation of the Swiss Legation to the Hôtel de Besenval even before the notarial certification of the purchase of the shares had taken place, as it was no secret among the diplomatic and the political circles that the purchase negotiations had been ongoing since 1937. First under the leadership of the Swiss envoy Alphonse Dunant (1869–1942) and then under his successor
Walter Stucki
.
The garden façade of the Hôtel de Besenval in the winter of 1938. The year the Swiss Confederation bought the property.
The main entrance of the Hôtel de Besenval around 1939. The new monumental entrance portal, designed by the architects Moreillon & Taillens after the design of the entrance portal of the
Hôtel de Soubise
, has already been completed. The inscription
Légation de Suisse
was later removed when the legation was upgraded to an embassy in 1957.
Loyal to the End: The Massacre of the Swiss Guards (in red uniform coats) during the
Storming of the Palais des Tuileries
on 10 August 1792. It is estimated that up to 700 Swiss Guards were killed. The Swiss Guards were assigned to the direct protection of the
sovereign
and his residences and were also custodians of the
King's Seals
and the
French Crown Jewels
.
The
enfilade
at the Hôtel de Besenval with the view from the dining room to the
Salon de la tapisserie
to the
Salon des perroquets.
In the window niche is one of the six chairs of the baron's original furniture ensemble visible. It was Ambassador
Agostino Soldati
, called Tino, and his wife Marguerite Soldati-André-Thome, Comtesse André de Contades (1907–2001), called Daisy, who began to furnish the Hôtel de Besenval with antiques on a large scale in the early 1960s, amongst others with the help of the Galerie Kraemer of Paris and partly paid for by Swiss industrialists.
Théodora Élisabeth Catherine, Marquise de Broglie, née de Besenval de Brunstatt (1718–1777), sister of Pierre Victor de Besenval, who acted as lady of the house at the Hôtel de Besenval, after she had separated from her husband Charles Guillaume Louis, Marquis de Broglie (1716–1786). Portrayed by
Jean-Marc Nattier
in 1742. Today this portrait is part of the collections of the
Nationalmuseum
.
The coat of arms of Théodora Élisabeth Catherine, Marquise de Broglie, née de Besenval de
Brunstatt
(1718–1777).
The
Alliance Tapestry
(3.87 m x 5.85 m) in the
Salon de la tapisserie
at the Hôtel de Besenval. In the foreground are King Louis XIV (right) and
Johann Heinrich Waser
, a Swiss politician, Mayor of
Zürich
and Bailiff of the
County of Kyburg
. Waser was the head of the Swiss delegation. Behind the king stands his brother
Philippe de France, Duc d'Orléans
, holding his hat in his hand. Behind Johann Heinrich Waser stands
Anton von Graffenried
, the
Envoy
of the
Canton of Bern
. The wood panelling of the
Salon de la tapisserie
largely dates from the second half of the 19th century.
The
Salon de la tapisserie
as it was set up in 2018. In addition to part of the
Alliance Tapestry,
four of the six chairs from the baron's original furniture ensemble can be seen next to the fireplace.
Detail of the
Alliance Tapestry:
It shows the French ambassador Jean de La Barde (1602–1692) among the Swiss delegation with the written copy of the renewed alliance in his hand.
The garden façade of the Hôtel de Besenval. The garden adjoins that of the
Hôtel de Monaco
, which houses the residence of the Ambassador of
Poland
to France.
L'ordonnance de M. le Baron de Besenval
– or the
follies
of the Baron de Besenval: It was Pierre Victor de Besenval who commissioned the new garden design for the Château de Romainville, based on his designs for his own gardens, in particular the garden of the Hôtel de Besenval.
[
189
]
In the service of
gastrodiplomacy
: The Baron de Besenval's former nymphaeum after its renovation and transformation into a wine cellar in 2024. In the niche on the right hand side is the red painted replica of Claude Michel's vase visible (the original measures 1.10 m and is part of the collections of the
Louvre
). The figure in the opposite niche shows a large corkscrew.
The
frontispiece
of the first edition of the memoirs of the Baron de Besenval showing his portrait. The memoirs were published by
Joseph-Alexandre Pierre, Vicomte de Ségur
, between 1805 and 1806 in four volumes. The publication caused a scandal among the aristocracy, as the baron did not shy away from describing life and customs at the French royal court in the last years of the
Ancien Régime
in all its scandalous details, including the names of the protagonists. The family de Besenval questioned the authenticity of the memoirs and distanced themselves from them. Only a few copies of the fourth and last volume were printed.