Haplogroup O-M122

[citation needed] Although Haplogroup O-M122 appears to be primarily associated with ethnic Tibeto-Burman speaking groups inhabiting the Seven Sister States of north eastern India, it also forms a significant component of the Y-chromosome diversity of most modern populations of the East Asian region.

[41] The East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui people like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar.

The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans.

In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other.

[44] In Nepal, Tamang people present a very high frequency of O-M122 (39/45 = 86.7%), while much lower percentages of Newar (14/66 = 21.2%) and the general population of Kathmandu (16/77 = 20.8%) belong to this haplogroup.

[45] Among all the populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup O-M122 is most closely associated with those that speak a Sinitic, Tibeto-Burman, or Hmong–Mien language.

The Hmong–Mien languages and cultures, for various archaeological and ethnohistorical reasons, are also generally believed to have derived from a source somewhere north of their current distribution, perhaps in northern or central China.

Haplogroup O-M122 has been implicated as a diagnostic genetic marker[46] of the Austronesian expansion when it is found in populations of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania.

Its distribution in Oceania is mostly limited to the traditionally Austronesian culture zones, chiefly Polynesia (approx.

It remains to be seen whether Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes can be parsed into distinct subclades that display significant geographical or ethnic correlations.

In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M164 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos.

[31] It also has been found in 3.5% (2/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, including one member of the rare and deeply divergent paragroup O2a1c1-F18*(xO2a1c1a1-F117, O2a1c1a2-F449).

[50][59] According to 23魔方, haplogroup O-IMS-JST002611 currently accounts for approximately 14.72% of the entire male population of China, and its TMRCA is estimated to be 13,590 years.

[54] According to Table S4 of He Guanglin et al. 2023, haplogroup O2a1b-IMS-JST002611 has been found in 17.50% (366/2091) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from various provinces and cities of China.

Among the various branches of O2a2a-M188, O-M7 (TMRCA 14,510 ybp, accounts for approximately 2.15% of all males in present-day China[65]) is notable for its relatively high frequency over a wide swath of Southeast Asia and southern China, especially among certain populations that currently speak Hmong-Mien, Austroasiatic, or Austronesian languages.

In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M159 was detected only in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.

[9][10][70] Cai et al. (2011) have reported finding high frequencies of O-M7 in their samples of Katuic (17/35 = 48.6% Ngeq, 10/45 = 22.2% Katu, 6/37 = 16.2% Kataang, 3/34 = 8.8% Inh (Ir), 4/50 = 8.0% So, 1/39 = 2.6% Suy) and Bahnaric (15/32 = 46.9% Jeh, 17/50 = 34.0% Oy, 8/32 = 25.0% Brau, 8/35 = 22.9% Talieng, 4/30 = 13.3% Alak, 6/50 = 12.0% Laven) peoples from southern Laos.

However, O-M7 has been found only with low frequency in samples of linguistically related Khmuic populations from northern Laos (1/50 = 2.0% Mal,[9] 1/51 = 2.0% Khmu,[9] 0/28 Bit,[9] 0/29 Xinhmul[9]), Vietic peoples from Vietnam and central Laos (8/76 = 10.5% Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam,[51] 4/50 = 8.0% Kinh from northern Vietnam,[12] 2/28 = 7.1% Bo,[9] 4/70 = 5.7% Vietnamese,[10] 0/12 Muong,[9] 0/15 Kinh,[9] 0/38 Aheu[9]), Palaungic peoples from northwestern Laos and southwestern Yunnan (2/35 = 5.7% Lamet,[9] 0/29 Ava,[9] 0/52 Blang[9]), and Pakanic peoples from southeastern Yunnan and northwestern Guangxi (0/30 Palyu,[9] 0/32 Bugan[9]).

[9][10][51] Haplogroup O-M7 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Austronesian populations from the central part of the Malay Archipelago (17/86 = 19.8% Indonesians from Borneo,[10] 4/32 = 12.5% Malaysia,[10] 7/61 = 11.5% Java (mostly sampled in Dieng),[10] 6/56 = 10.7% Sumatra,[71] 4/53 = 7.5% Java,[71] 1/17 = 5.9% Malaysia[71]), but the frequency of this haplogroup appears to drop off very quickly toward the east (1/48 = 2.1% Philippines,[10] 5/641 = 0.8% Balinese,[10] 0/9 Timor,[10] 0/28 Alor,[10] 0/30 Moluccas,[10] 0/31 Nusa Tenggaras,[71] 0/33 Moluccas,[10] 0/37 Philippines,[71] 0/40 Borneo,[71] 0/48 Taiwanese Aboriginals,[10] 0/54 Mandar from Sulawesi,[10] 0/92 Lembata,[10] 0/350 Sumba,[10] 0/394 Flores[10]) and toward the west (0/38 Batak Toba from Sumatra,[10] 0/60 Nias,[10] 0/74 Mentawai[10]).

[51] These Chamic-speaking peoples inhabit southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia, but their languages are related to those of the Acehnese and Malays.

O-M7 also has been found in 21.1% (8/38) of a small set of samples of highlanders of northern Luzon (including 1/1 Ifugao, 1/2 Ibaloi, 4/12 Kalangoya, and 2/6 Kankanaey).

[56] The O-F46 (TMRCA 10,050 years) subclade of O-F114 by itself accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 10.07% of the total male population of present-day China.

[31] The Japanese members of O-M134(xM117) in this study have originated from Shizuoka (3/12 = 25%), Tokyo (2/52 = 3.8%), Toyama (1/3), Ishikawa (1/4), Tochigi (1/5), and Ibaraki (1/5), respectively.

[79] Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 (also defined by the phylogenetically equivalent mutation Page23) is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries, especially among Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples.

O-M117 has been detected in samples of Tamang (38/45 = 84.4%)，Tibetans (45/156 = 28.8% or 13/35 = 37.1%), Tharus (57/171 = 33.3%), Han Taiwanese (40/183 = 21.9%), Newars (14/66 = 21.2%), the general population of Kathmandu, Nepal (13/77 = 16.9%), Han Chinese (5/34 = 14.7% Chengdu, 5/35 = 14.3% Harbin, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 3/30 = 10.0% Lanzhou, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili), Tungusic peoples from the PRC (7/45 = 15.6% Hezhe, 4/26 = 15.4% Ewenki, 5/35 = 14.3% Manchu, 2/41 = 4.9% Xibe, 1/31 = 3.2% Oroqen), Koreans (4/25 = 16.0% Koreans from the PRC, 5/43 = 11.6% Koreans from South Korea), Mongols (5/45 = 11.1% Inner Mongolian, 3/39 = 7.7% Daur, 3/65 = 4.6% Outer Mongolian), and Uyghurs (2/39 = 5.1% Yili, 1/31 = 3.2% Urumqi).

[9][70] In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 has been found with high frequency (8/47 = 17.0%) in a sample of Japanese that should be from Kagawa Prefecture according to the geographical coordinates (134.0°E, 34.2°N) that have been provided.

[31] More precisely, the Japanese members of O-M117 in this study's sample set have originated from Tokyo (4/52), Chiba (2/44), Gifu (1/2), Yamanashi (1/2), Hiroshima (1/3), Aichi (1/6), and Shizuoka (1/12).