Born in Guiyang, he was sent to the countryside to work during the Cultural Revolution.
After the resumption of tertiary education in China in the late 1970s, he pursued studies in religion, completing a PhD in 1989 from the Institute of World Religions, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
He was a researcher at the Institute of World Religions from 1989 to 2001, and was a Professor of Religious Studies in the School of Philosophy at Renmin University of China from 2001 until his retirement.
[1][2] He signed the human rights manifesto Charter 08 and the Oxford Consensus 2013.
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