Heterogynaidae is a minor and disputed lineage (only eight described species in a single genus, Heterogyna) of small spheciform wasps occurring in Madagascar, Botswana, Turkmenistan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and the Eastern Mediterranean area.

Although males have functional wings, heterogynaid females are typically brachypterous, a trait which is unique among spheciform wasps.

Other aspects of their biology are completely unknown, but details of their morphology have prompted researchers to hypothesize that they may be non-fossorial parasitoids adapted to hunt in tight spaces, such as under tree bark.

It is also possible that modifications of the female metasomal tergum VI and gonostyli may represent a unique prey transport mechanism, but this is also unconfirmed.

The Heterogynaidae were historically considered the sister taxon to the remainder of the Apoidea, but recent studies utilizing molecular characters do not support this hypothesis.